Belly Beach bird hike

Fort Belly

The real reason I wanted to stay overnight at Belly Beach was to go birding. Get up early and head up the stairs to a rocky road that sits above the bay. There are unique rock formations, a nice view of the bay, and a little fort my guide called Labadee Fort, and google maps labeled Fort Belly. There are typical birds – kingbirds, Antillean mangos, warblers. And also white-crowned pigeons which I have only seen once in Haiti, in the south.

Lichen

Walk up the stairs from the hotel

Rocky road

Spanish moss

Cruise ship at Labadee

Casa Cubuy Puerto Rico

I took a week off from Haiti to attend a BirdsCaribbean shorebird workshop in Puerto Rico, and ended up staying an extra 4 days as political protests in Haiti grew and shut down the country. The stay included 2 nights at a really cool lodge called Casa Cubuy on the south side of the El Yunque National Forest. I didn’t have much time to research my extra stay in PR, and am glad I ended up here. The owners were kind enough to email and call me with directions. The narrow windy road up to the lodge is scenic. Follow the directions on the website, and look for the last yellow building on the right. There is parking on the downhill side of the lodge, but no sign with the name. When I arrived a bit frazzled from deciding to head back to the US instead of Haiti, the owner Michael invited me into the kitchen and offered me a glass of wine and sliced up a mango for me.

My room was spacious, with 3 beds, 2 little desks, a ceiling fan, and a bathroom with hot water. The balcony overlooked the forest and cascade that sits below the lodge, and had a little table and chairs. It was very relaxing to hear the coqui frogs and cascade at night. I brought food for my lunch and dinner as the closest place for meals was 20 minutes away (the town of Naguabo off Hwy 53 has gas, grocery store, and restaurants). The kitchen has a large refrigerator for guests to use. They will make lunches for guests for $10, either to take on a hike or eat at the hotel.

Breakfast isn't served until 9am, so I missed it the first morning as I hired a guide for birding. The 2^nd morning I got to see what I missed out on – a family-style breakfast with the other guests, with lots of fruit, juice, and coffee, and wonderful oatmeal, eggs, and hash browns made by the owner.

Casa Cubuy is in the national forest and has a short path to the cascade below that has pools deep enough for swimming. The road past the lodge gave me a chance to do some birding, and I heard that at the end of the road are paths into the forest. Unfortunately my stay wasn’t long enough to explore those.

The only drawback to Casa Cubuy was the 40 minute drive back to the area that had beaches and more parks and tourist attractions (around Fajardo). A longer stay at the casa would have been ideal, with a couple day-trips to other attractions. Also I am an early morning person so waiting until 9am for breakfast was inconvenient, so worth a longer stay to have mornings to enjoy that.

Here are the birds I saw just from the road, with links to eBird. Also, I was told the guesthouse downhill has hummingbirds.

Scaly-naped Pigeon

White-winged Dove

Mangrove Cuckoo

Puerto Rican Screech-Owl

Puerto Rican Woodpecker

Gray Kingbird

Loggerhead Kingbird

Black-whiskered Vireo

Puerto Rican Tanager

Bananaquit

Black-faced Grassquit

Puerto Rican Screech-Owl

Red-legged Thrush

List of UCNH birds

45 species of birds seen on and around UCNH campus as of 24 Apr. 2019.

Helmeted Guineafowl

Plain Pigeon

Common Ground-Dove

White-winged Dove

Mourning Dove

Smooth-billed Ani

Hispaniolan Lizard-Cuckoo

Antillean Palm-Swift

Antillean Mango

Vervain Hummingbird

Cattle Egret

Green Heron Glossy Ibis

Red-tailed Hawk

Broad-billed Tody

Antillean Piculet

Hispaniolan Woodpecker

American Kestrel

Hispaniolan Parakeet

Gray Kingbird Stolid flycatcher

Loggerhead Kingbird

Black-whiskered Vireo

Palm Crow

White-necked Crow

swallow sp.

Northern Mockingbird

Palmchat

Black-crowned Palm-Tanager

Ovenbird

Louisiana Waterthrush Northern Waterthrush

Black-and-white Warbler

Common Yellowthroat

American Redstart

Cape May Warbler

Northern Parula

Black-throated Blue Warbler

Yellow-throated Warbler

Bananaquit

Yellow-faced Grassquit

Greater Antillean Bullfinch

House Sparrow

Village Weaver

Scaly-breasted Munia

Birding along the Bay of Acul

The gravel beach at the end of the road

If you want to see shore birds and waders, including glossy ibis and black-necked stilts, travel the road that runs along the west side of the Bay of Acul. It leaves National Rt. 1 less than 2 miles from UCNH in Haut Limbe as you head toward Cap Haitien, or about 9 miles west of Cap Haitien. The road ends at a gravel beach that has restaurant stalls. We were there early in the morning so didn’t get to see how many people come to use the beach, or how many food stalls operate. The only birds were English House Sparrows and a passing Great Egret and Cattle Egret.

The hub of bird activity is in the rice fields along the bay. Stop along the road and follow a path towards the bay. You should have a Haitien friend escort you into the fields, to ask permission to pass and explain to the local people why you are there. We drew a little crowd. We saw many glossy ibis, killdeer, lesser yellow legs, and cattle egrets. We also saw 13 bird species on the walk along the road between St. Louis and St. Michel, including a grassquit and 2 red-tailed hawks. If you enter your birds into eBird, be sure to mark the shore and rice field/mangrove survey as part of the Caribbean Waterbird Census (CWC)!

Rice fields and mangroves - there are many birds out there!

Walking the road between St. Louis and St. Michel

UCNH - birding and academic hotspot!

Hispaniolan parakeet - endemic, threatened

One hour west of Cap Haitien, off of Rt 1, sits a university whose founders and subsequent presidents prohibited cutting of trees (directions here). Today Université Chrétienne du Nord d'Haïti (UCNH) and the surrounding area of Haut Limbe is home to over 30 species of birds, and is a relaxing place to enjoy large trees full of lianas, bromeliads, and other life you’d expect to see in a tropical forest. Parakeets fly by every day and sometimes hang out on campus, warblers make it their winter home, and woodpeckers, palmchats, red-tailed hawks, and banaquits raise their families here. If you are up for a hike, there are great views from the surrounding hills and you might see a loggerhead kingbird, merlin, or plain pigeon. See here for list of birds.

UCNH also has a snack shop, copy center, bookstore (academic books in French), and library. Agronomy students have a plant nursery on campus, and you can visit a cacao grove and learn about chocolate. Perhaps while visiting you’ll get to see a performance by the fine arts students. Contact me if you’d like to set up a tour and a budding ecotourism student can show you around and take you birding, or to see cacao and plantain/banana groves.

Red-tailed hawk on campus

Plain pigeon - endemic, threatened

White-necked crow - endemic, threatened

Louisiana waterthrush

Hispaniolan lizard-cuckoo - endemic

A sisal factory!

Plantation Dauphin is an old sisal plantation and factory, built in the 1920’s across the bay from Fort Libertie on the north coast of Haiti. Not only is it a piece of Haiti’s booming sisal history (#1 in the western hemisphere in the 1940s), there are birds, as well as fish and other coastal life, such as sea urchins and jellyfish. It is an easy walk around the old buildings, and a cement wall allows you to get close to the sea life.

male and female kestrels

jellyfish and fish

warbler

Tragedy and history at Caracol

I recently visited Caracol Haiti, east of Cap Haitien, with other birders to see all the shore and water birds that still visit the mangrove that has been mostly cut down.  Now salt flats sit where a lush tropical ecosystem once grew.  Yet a variety of birds use the salt pools – we saw 21 species in less than 2 hours, plus unidentifiable warblers.  How many more were there before the mangroves were destroyed?  FoProBiM is an NGO trying to restore the trees, yet it seems like a futile task if people aren’t educated about the importance of mangroves, which I am now more resolved to do in my university and school classes. 

In additional to the surprising variety of birds is the evidence of the history of the area. Conch shell midens, evidence of native pre-Columbian activity, were unearthed where the salt pools were dug, as well as broken pottery from the colonial era.  There is also a canon sticking out of the mud!

Mangroves reduced to salt pools and cow grazing

Trying to reforest the mangroves

Exposed midens of conch shells (all those white things)

Plate shard

Canon in mud

Bird lessons at the new UCC preschool

PSI

UCC in Caiman opened a preschool in Bohoc by the market, so the little kids don’t have to walk so far.  I took me 35 minutes to walk to this school from Caiman.  My translator Louiders and I had a 15 minute program for each class, PSI, PSII, and PSIII.  We taught the parts of the birds by having kids act them out, pretending they had beaks, wings, and tails.  As the kids age additional grades will be added to the school.

PSII

PSIII

Birding with the cave children

Antillean Mango posing for the kids.

Last year I taught in a small village that sits away from any roads and is a 20 minute walk from my house.  I don’t know if any foreigners pass through except to go to a nearby cave.  I forget how we fell into teaching in the yard of Goyo, the man who owns the cave (JeanJean always mentions that he owns some of the cave too!), but last year Louiders and I went to his house weekly to give one hour-long ecology lessons to the kids.  We recently began lessons again, and I decided to do something that seemed likely to be chaotic – take the random assortment of 30 kids, aged 2 to 18(?) years old, birding!  We had been taking the orderly elementary school classes at UCC out birding, so had some practice (see this post).  Birding at three in the afternoon also seemed risky, but we tried it anyway with great success.  The children shared the seven binoculars (thanks to everyone who donated them!).  We didn’t see many birds, but a hummingbird hung out with us long enough for us to see its curved beak indicating it was an Antillean mango, and black stripe indicating it was an immature male.  These pictures show the kids having fun!

Showing the little one how to use binoculars. The 2-holer in the background is what you think it is!

Stripe showing that this is a young male Antillean Mango.

2014 Christmas Bird Count

This is cross-posted from the Audubon Center of Les Cayes website.  

The 2014 Christmas Bird Count of the Les Cayes area has been tallied!  Here are the results presented with previous years.  The 2014 count included three new species not previously observed in the Cayes CBC.  These were:  Ruddy Quail-Dove (Geotrygon montana) seen in the Maniche area; Cave Swallow (Perochelidon fulva) which nest beneath the wharf in Cayes; and a Shiny Cowbird (Molothrus bonariensis) observed two days before the count date by Peter Rudenberg.  This is only the third record of this species recorded on the southern peninsula of Haiti.  Species observed in the count circle three days prior to and three days after the count day can be recorded with an "x" as "observed" during the count week.

Despite having the lowest participation in three years, the number of individuals and species observed was still quite high, due to the experience of the field observers and the diverse habitat represented by the five teams in the field.  Those habitats include low mountains, lakes, rivers, mangrove, beach, urban, and agricultural fields.

The low water level at Etang Lachaux eliminated an important habitat for diver ducks.  Additionally, there were locals hunting at Etang Laborde the day of the count, which drastically limited bird numbers from an area that is normally very productive.  Warbler numbers were lower this year, but the numbers for most other expected species were consistent with the number of participants in the count.

Visit the Cornell eBird webpage for Haiti to see all birds recorded from Haiti.  

Nom anglais	Nom latin	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014
Canard / Oie
West Indian Whistling Duck	Dendrocygna arborea
Gadwall	Anas strepera
Eurasian Wigeon	Anas penelope	1
American Wigeon	Anas americana	49	8	138	120	145	3
Blue-winged Teal	Anas discors		5	386	120	2
Northern Shoveler	Anas clypeata					1
White-cheeked Pintail	Anas bahamensis		6				1
Green-winged Common Teal	Anas crecca			50
Canvasback	Aythya valisineria
Redhead	Aythya americana
Ring-necked Duck	Aythya collaris	21	3	26	180	2
Lesser Scaup	Aythya affinis			7		1	3
Ruddy Duck	Oxyura jamaicensis	56	14	12	4	10	2
Plonjon
Least Grebe	Tachybaptus dominicus
Pied-billed Grebe	Podilymbus podiceps	66	63	55	31	6	7
Les Oiseaux du marécage
White Ibis	Eudocimus albus
Glossy Ibis	Plegadis falcinellus	100	90		420	286	200
Black-crowned Night Heron	Nycticorax nycticorax				1
Yellow-crowned Night Heron	Nyctanassa violacea	1		17	7	x
Green Heron	Butorides virescens	3	16	13	25	12	12
Cattle Egret	Bubulcus ibis	194	311	763	1450	394	850
Great Blue Heron	Ardea herodias	26	2	12	9		5
Great Egret	Ardea alba	18	23	7	12	9	4
Tricolored or Louisiana Heron	Egretta tricolor		3		x	5	17
Little Blue Heron	Egretta caerulea	16	21	12	18	19	58
Snowy Egret	Egretta thula	9	20	8	20	54	17
Black-necked Stilt	Himantopus mexicanus	38	32	296	327	264	388
Les Oiseaux de la mer
Red-billed Tropicbird	Phaethon aethereus
White-tailed Tropicbird	Phaethon lepturus
Magnificent Frigatebird	Fregata magnificens
Brown Pelican	Pelecanus occidentalis			2
Neotropical Cormorant	Phalacrocorax brasilianus
Double-crested Cormorant	Phalacrocorax auritus
Malfini
Turkey-Vulture	Cathartes aura	12	6	30	16	41	8
American Kestrel	Falco sparverius	17	8	17	25	27	13
Merlin	Falco columbarius				1	2	1
Peregrine Falcon	Falco peregrinus
Osprey	Pandion haliaetus	2	3	2	3	1	2
Red-tailed Hawk	Buteo jamaicensis	3	2			1	1
Poul de l'eau
Purple Gallinule	Porphyrio martinica
Common Moorhen Gallinule	Gallinula chloropus/galeata	32	9	48	22	19	8
American Coot	Fulica americana	10	35	5	16	7	18
Caribbean Coot	Fulica caribaea	63	71	57	37	18	11
Northern Jacana	Jacana spinosa	7	14	16	1	2
Pluvier
American Golden Plover	Pluvialis dominica
Black-bellied Plover	Pluvialis squatarola	40	11	37	3	28	31
Semipalmated Plover	Charadrius semipalmatus					1	18
Wilson's Plover	Charadrius wilsonia				2		1
Killdeer	Ardea alba		4	5	6	12	3
Piping Plover	Charadrius melodus
Kentish Plover	Charadrius alexandrinus
Bécasseaux
Common Snipe	Gallinago gallinago					26	5
Short-billed Dowitcher	Limnodromus griseus	5
Long-billed Dowitcher	Limnodromus scolopaceus
Hudsonian Godwit	Limosa haemastica
Marbled Godwit	Limosa fedoa
Whimbrel	Numenius phaeopus
Upland Sandpiper	Bartramia longicauda
Greater Yellowlegs	Tringa melanoleuca	1	7	2	35	4
Lesser Yellowlegs	Tringa flavipes		1	57	32	49	14
Solitary Sandpiper	Tringa solitaria
Spotted Sandpiper	Actitis macularius	24	1	7	8	17	18
Willet	Catoptrophorus semipalmatus		3	8	12	16	30
Ruddy Turnstone	Arenaria interpres	14	8	38	1	58	18
Red Knot	Calidris canutus
Sanderling	Calidris alba		33	46	39	12	3
Semipalmated Sandpiper	Calidris pusilla			2
Western Sandpiper	Calidris mauri				x		1
Least Sandpiper	Calidris minutilla			1		37
White-rumped Sandpiper	Calidris fuscicollis
Baird's Sandpiper	Calidris bairdii
Pectoral Sandpiper	Calidris melanotos
Dunlin	Calidris alpina
Stilt-Sandpiper	Calidris himantopus			15	x	1	20
Buff-breasted Sandpiper	Tryngites subruficollis
Ruff	Philomachus pugnax
Wilson's Phalarope	Phalaropus tricolor
Red-necked Phalarope	Phalaropus lobatus
Goéland / Sterne
Ring-billed Gull	Larus delawarensis		1	1			1
Great Black-backed Gull	Larus marinus		2				1
Herring Gull	Larus argentatus
Lesser Black-backed Gull	Larus fuscus
Bonaparte's Gull	Larus philadelphia
Laughing Gull	Larus atricilla	52	14	7	4	1	16
Franklin's Gull	Larus pipixcan
Black-legged Kittiwake	Rissa tridactyla
Gull-billed Tern	Sterna nilotica				x
Caspian Tern	Sterna caspia
Sandwich Tern	Sterna sandvicensis		3	2	x	2	5
Royal Tern	Sterna maxima	5	13	4	1	4	1
Roseate Tern	Sterna dougallii	20
Common Tern	Sterna hirundo	68					3
Forster's Tern	Sterna forsteri
Least Tern	Sterna antillarum	5	1
Bridled Tern	Sterna anaethetus
Sooty Tern	Sterna fuscata
Black Tern	Chlidonias niger
Brown Noddy	Anous stolidus
Black Skimmer	Rynchops niger
Pigeon / Ramier
Rock Pigeon	Columba livia					50	1
White-crowned Pigeon	Columba leucocephala
Scaly-naped Pigeon	Columba squamosa			5	18	4	3
Plain Pigeon	Columba inornata
Mourning Dove	Zenaida macroura	8	17	17	32	44	56
Zenaida Dove	Zenaida aurita	4
White-winged Dove	Zenaida asiatica		9			13	10
Common Ground Dove	Columbina passerina	5	14	22	11	20	10
Gray-headed Quail-Dove	Geotrygon caniceps
Key West Quail-Dove	Geotrygon chrysia
Ruddy Quail-Dove	Geotrygon montana						1
Tako
Black-billed Cuckoo	Coccyzus erythropthalmus
Yellow-billed Cuckoo	Coccyzus americanus
Mangrove Cuckoo	Coccyzus minor
Hispaniolan Lizard Cuckoo	Saurothera longirostris	4	1	12	20	13	9
Smooth-billed Ani	Crotophaga ani	17	4	48	74	51	77
Hibou/Chouette
Barn Owl	Tyto alba			1		1
Ashy-faced Owl	Tyto glaucops
Burrowing Owl	Athene cunicularia
Stygian Owl	Asio stygius
Short-eared Owl	Asio flammeus
Petonvwa
Northern Potoo	Nyctibius jamaicensis
Common Nighthawk	Chordeiles minor
Antillean Nighthawk	Chordeiles gundlachii
Least Pauraque	Siphonorhis brewsteri
Chuck-will's Widow	Caprimulgus carolinensis
Greater Antillean Nightjar	Caprimulgus cubanensis
Martinet
Black Swift	Cypseloides niger	4
White-collared Swift	Streptoprocne zonaris			1	11
Chimney Swift	Chaetura pelagica
Antillean Palm Swift	Tachornis phoenicobia	7		27		16	35
Ouanga Négresse
Antillean Mango	Anthracothorax dominicus	x	6	11	4	15	6
Hispaniolan Emerald	Chlorostilbon swainsonii	1	1	4		3
Vervain Hummingbird	Mellisuga minima	7		3	4	10
Pipirit Rivye
Belted Kingfisher	Megaceryle alcyon	3	7	6	6	3	5
Kolibri
Broad-billed Tody	Todus subulatus	3		4		9	2
Narrow-billed Tody	Todus angustirostris		1	5
Charpentier
Antillean Piculet	Nesoctites micromegas					6	3
Hispaniolan Woodpecker	Melanerpes striatus	16	24	40	84	53	38
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker	Sphyrapicus varius				x	1
Pipirite
Greater Antillean Elaenia	Elaenia fallax
Hispaniolan Pewee	Contopus hispaniolensis	1	1				3
Gray Kingbird	Tyrannus dominicensis	14	8	22	26	30	21
Loggerhead Kingbird	Tyrannus caudifasciatus					3	3
Great Crested Flycatcher	Myiarchus crinitus
Stolid Flycatcher	Myiarchus stolidus					1
Vireonidae
White-eyed Vireo	Vireo griseus
Thick-billed Vireo	Vireo crassirostris
Flat-billed Vireo	Vireo nanus
Yellow-throated Vireo	Vireo flavifrons
Red-eyed Vireo	Vireo olivaceus
Black-whiskered Vireo	Vireo altiloquus
Corneille
Palm Crow	Corvus palmarum	29		5		30	3
White-necked Crow	Corvus leucognaphalus	17	2	26	47	47	75
Zwazo maske
Cedar Waxwing	Bombycilla cedrorum
Zwazo palmis
Palmchat	Dulus dominicus	9	x	59	31	85	26
Hirondelle
Bank Swallow	Riparia riparia
Tree Swallow	Tachycineta bicolor
Golden Swallow	Tachycineta euchrysea
Purple Martin	Progne subis
Caribbean Martin	Progne dominicensis
No. Rough-winged Swallow	Stelgidopteryx serripennis
Barn Swallow	Hirundo rustica					4
Cliff Swallow	Petrochelidon pyrrhonota
Cave Swallow	Petrochelidon fulva						15
Ti zwazo
Bananaquit	Coereba flaveola	20	21	47	81	63	41
Moqueur / Grive
Northern Mockingbird	Mimus polyglottos	3	2	4	10	22	6
Red-legged Thrush	Turdus plumbeus		3			9	2
Madan Sara
Village Weaver	Ploceus cucullatus	3	12	11	45	128	83
Estrildidae
Nutmeg Mannikin	Lonchura punctulata			2		2
Black-headed Munia	Lonchura malacca
Ti Kikit / Paruline
Golden-winged Warbler	Vermivora chrysoptera
Blue-winged Warbler	Vermivora pinus
Tennessee Warbler	Vermivora peregrina
Nashville Warbler	Vermivora ruficapilla
Northern Parula	Parula americana	4	x	4	2	7	1
Chestnut-sided Warbler	Dendroica pensylvanica
Yellow Warbler	Dendroica petechia	2			2	4	1
Blackpoll Warbler	Dendroica striata
Bay-breasted Warbler	Dendroica castanea
Blackburnian Warbler	Dendroica fusca
Magnolia Warbler	Dendroica magnolia
Cape May Warbler	Dendroica tigrina	5	1	11	8	10	5
Black-throated Blue Warbler	Dendroica caerulescens	2	3	9	5	7	10
Yellow-rumped Warbler	Dendroica coronata
Black-throated Green Warbler	Dendroica virens
Yellow-throated Warbler	Dendroica dominica
Prairie Warbler	Dendroica discolor	1		2	2	2	1
Pine Warbler	Dendroica pinus
Kirtland's Warbler	Dendroica kirtlandii
Palm Warbler	Dendroica palmarum	1			7	3	1
Black-and-white Warbler	Mniotilta varia	x	x	5	7	10	2
American Redstart	Setophaga ruticilla	8	5	13	12	25	12
Prothonotary Warbler	Protonotaria citrea
Worm-eating Warbler	Helmitheros vermivorum
Swainson's Warbler	Limnothlypis swainsonii
Ovenbird	Seiurus aurocapilla	3	x	3		5
Northern Waterthrush	Seiurus noveboracensis
Louisiana Waterthrush	Seiurus motacilla	7			1	3	1
Kentucky Warbler	Oporornis formosus
Connecticut Warbler	Oporornis agilis
Mourning Warbler	Oporornis philadelphia
Common Yellowthroat	Geothlypis trichas	1			6		2
Green-tailed Warbler	Microligea palustris
Hooded Warbler	Wilsonia citrina
Wilson's Warbler	Wilsonia pusilla
Canada Warbler	Wilsonia canadensis
Yellow-breasted Chat	Icteria virens
White-winged Warbler	Xenoligea montana
Icteridae
Greater Antillean Oriole	Icterus dominicensis	1
Shiny Cowbird	Molothrus bonariensis						x
Tawny-shouldered Blackbird	Agelaius humeralis
Greater Antillean Grackle	Quiscalus niger			7	10	19	2
Zwazo kann / Bruant
Yellow-faced Grassquit	Tiaris olivaceus	x		14	45	56	23
Black-faced Grassquit	Tiaris bicolor		3				2
Greater Antillean Bullfinch	Loxigilla violacea					5	1
House Sparrow	Passer domesticus	3	8	1			4
Tangara
Summer Tanager	Piranga rubra
Scarlet Tanager	Piranga olivacea
Western Tanager	Piranga ludoviciana
Gray-crowned Palm Tanager	Phaenicophilus poliocephalus	4	5	2		6	7
Western Chat-Tanager	Calyptophilus tertius
Eastern Chat-Tanager	Calyptophilus frugivorus
Hispaniolan Spindalis	Spindalis dominicensis
Antillean Euphonia	Euphonia musica				2	2
	total individuals	1195	1025	2664	3621	2496	2427
	total species count day	65	60	72	63	83	81
	total species count week	68	64	72	69	84	82
# of Field Observers		10	13	21	23	15	14
Minimum teams at one time					3	4	3
Maximum teams at one time					5	5	5
Miles driving					113	128	45
Hours driving					6	5	5.75
Miles on foot					15	9	14.25
Hours on foot					29	32	22.25
Hours owling				1		1	0.5
Miles owling				1		2	2